Fig. 2

(below). Recurrent sleep restriction promotes changes in proteomic levels in a direction that have previously been associated with prospective risk of cardiovascular disease. A Volcano plot comparing relative proteomic levels after three nights of full sleep (NS) with three nights of sleep restriction (SR), using a mixed effects model. The X axis represents model coefficient value, where values above 0 indicate higher values in SR compared with NS condition. Note that the Y axis shows uncorrected p-values; significant proteins (FDR-corrected P < 0.05) are shown in black. See also Table S4 A. B Heatmap that shows relative levels for proteins that were significantly different (as seen in panel A) after three nights of NS compared with three nights of SR. The columns show levels across the pre- and post-exercise timepoints. C Overlap of proteins with significantly altered levels after three nights of SR compared with NS in our study, with those identified as significantly predictive of greater (red circles, left column) or lower (green, right column) risk of heart failure (HF), across the 3 cohorts analyzed in [4] (see also Table S4B). The number of circles per row indicate across how many of the 3 studied prospective cohorts that the association with HF was identified as being significant. Proteins have been sorted alphabetically. All analyses based on n = 16 within-subject analyses. D Summary of the present study findings